Effects of Poor Diet and Obesity on Heart Essay

A good diet consists of consuming a full range of all the various nutrients needed for proper function of the body and bodily systems. When someone consumes the correct nutrients in the correct proportions, they are considered to have a â€Å"Balanced Diet†. However, when someone is not consuming the correct nutrients or not consuming the correct amount of nutrients they are said to have a poor diet or â€Å"malnutrition†. Malnutrition is often misconceived to be just the lack of nutrients in the body causing illness and Anorexia; however this is in fact incorrect as malnutrition can also be defined as the excessive consuming of nutrients which contain more energy than the body uses. This is most commonly known as â€Å"Obesity†. In Britain and most first world countries, obesity is one of the most serious effects of malnutrition. It can be extremely dangerous due to the build up of a certain fat known as â€Å"Adipose Tissue† under the skin and around maj or bodily organs. Someone can usually be defined as being obese if they have a BMI of over 30 (BMI can be calculated by dividing mass in Kg by height in Meters, squared). Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is a common disorder of the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood. It is a major cause of death in developed with Reports in the UK suggesting that 3-4% of men aged between 35 and 74 die each year due to the effects of CHD. In the reports for women, the risk appears to be about half of this figure. Each year around 156000 people in England and Wales die from CHD. The heart is used as a pump to pump blood around the body; this is done via the contracting of the hearts muscles. This process needs a continuous supply of oxygen in order to function, however if this oxygen supply is cut off or slowed down the muscle cannot contract and therefore the muscle will soon die. One of the processes that can restrict the amount of oxygen getting to the heart is called â€Å"atherosclerosis† alternatively known as â€Å"Hardening of the Arteries†). This can lead to the coronary arteries to be blocked due to the build up of mater ials inside the artery walls. This causes the amount of space available for the oxygen to pass through the artery to become heavily constricted. Atherosclerosis is a very slowly developing problem and people who contract it normally do not show any signs until they are at least 40 years of age. However in some people, the process can be caused to happen much faster. This is normally due to things such as high blood pressure, the presence of low-density lipoproteins (LDL’s) or even excessive amounts of harmful chemicals in the blood cuased by things such as the excessive consumption of tobacco. Damage from the presence of these substances will build up inside the coronary artery and exist as deposits known as an atheromatous plaque. Once this plaque has restricted the wideness of the lumen by 50% or more, flow of oxygen into the heart muscle will not meet required amounts and will cause a pain to be felt during exercising known as â€Å"angina†. This pain is felt in the left shoulder, chest and arm, but can still be felt in the neck and left side of the face for some people. Another danger from the presence of an atheromatous plaque in the coronary arteries is the danger of a blood clot being formed around the plaque. These blood clots are known as a â€Å"Coronary thrombosis† and are caused by fibrous protein Collagen coming into contact with the platelet which causes the platelet to secrete a chemical that react with the blood and cause a clot to form. These blood clots further slow down the flow of blood through the artery. This could cause the part of the heart receiving the oxygen from this artery to fail in receiving enough blood and therefore shut down or stop the heart from beating altogether. When this happens it is called a â€Å"myocardial infarction†. A myocardial infarction is a very serious condition in which the heart fails to beat. Around 90% of all cases of myocardial infarction are direct effects from the problems aroused by Coronal thrombosis. Myocardial infarctions are potentially fatal if a large amount of muscle is affected. Cardiac arrests are a result of myocardial infarction due to the lack of beating from the heart. During a cardiac arrest, no pulse can be felt on the victim and also the victim will lose consciousness (faint). If the heart is not restarted before the muscle cells starts to die off, then the victim will also die. A reconstruction of the effect an Atheromatous Plaque can have upon the wideness of the Lumen inside a blood vessel (self made image) Cholesterol is an important substance in the structure of cell membranes and we must have a certain amount of it in our body or the liver will produce its own form of cholesterol to be transported and used by cells. However, evidence from tests completed by scientists suggests that having an excessive amount of cholesterol in the blood increases the risk of suffering from CHD. It is still unclear whether or not ones levels of cholesterol in the blood stream can be controlled by ones diet although, data does show that eating large amounts of saturated fats can increase your chance of having a high cholesterol blood content. Excessive cholesterol can be dangerous as it is not soluble in water so therefore it cannot be transported using the blood plasma transportation system. Instead it must be transported around the body in something called â€Å"lipoproteins† which are tiny balls made up of various lipids, cholesterol and proteins. There are many varieties of lipoproteins which are normally categorised into 3 main sub-sections. These sub-sections are defined by the amount of protein they contain (also known as their density) and consist of: High Density Lipoprotein (HDL): High protein content and low lipid content Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL): High Lipid content and lower Protein content Chylomicrons: a very high lipid content and very low protein content HDL’s are usually given the job of picking up cholesterol from around the body and transporting it to the liver. On the other hand, LDL’s are usually given the job of transporting cholesterol from the lover to other parts of the body. LDL’s play a part in the formation of an atheromatous plaque due to the tendency for them to deposit cholesterol into the damaged walls of arteries; in contrast HDL’s seem to actually help in preventing CHD. This is because they remove cholesterol from tissues including those of blood vessel walls. Therefore a person who has a high HDL: LDL ratio in their body would be much better protected against CHD than someone who does not. The structure of a lipoprotein (this one could be a LDL due to its High Lipid content and lower Protein content) (http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D:Structure_of_a_Lipoprotein.jpg) Blood pressure can be defined as the pressure that blood inside vessels applies onto the walls of the vessel in which it is being transported. If a person has an exceptionally high blood pressure, they are said to have â€Å"hypertension†. This increases ones risk to CHD by causing the walls of the arteries to thicken and stiff much like atherosclerosis causes the blood vessels to become hardened. The cause of high blood pressure is not always clear in every case. However scientists have suggested that a high intake of salt or the excessive consumption of lipids may be aiding in the creation of a high blood pressure, this is due to the high water affinity of salt itself which could be drawing in water via osmosis, increasing the volume of blood and therefore pressure upon the blood vessels. High blood pressure is normally combated naturally by the body via the kidneys which would excrete more liquid containing the salt solution; however this process does not always work therefore leading to people with high blood pressure being either advised to just eat a low- salt diet or be given diuretics which will make the kidneys complete the process. In conclusion, It can be seen that both poor diet and obesity can both have a certain effect upon the chances of someone contracting Coronary Heart disease, however it can also be seen that the effects from both of these problems could easily be combated by simply eating a healthier diet containing all of the nutrients needed in the body and also in the correct proportions allowing for a balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle.

Discuss the Impact of Data Quality Problems

(Databases behind MySpace, CH-6) Discuss the impact of data quality problems on MySpace as described in this case study. How did they solve their data problems? What management, organization, and technology issues had to be addressed? 1) – Discuss the impact of data quality problems on MySpace as described in this case study. Since the Site was launched in 2003, the social network site â€Å"MySpace† has become the world’s leading social portal for connecting people who relate in connection with its content, and culture. MySpace projects an idea to its global community to experience the Internet through a social lens by integrating individual’s personal profiles, photo sharing, professional and entertainment videos, blogs, instant messaging, as well as one of the largest music community. MySpace. com has been one of the fastest growing sites on the Internet with 65 million subscribers and 260,000 new users registering each day. Yet with their unexpected growth along came the growth of other popular social networking sites such â€Å"Face book† and few other competitors which seemed to have gained ground, do to â€Å"MySpace† criticized performance. In its initial phases, MySpace operated with two Web servers communicating with one database server and a Microsoft SQL Server database. The site continued adding Web servers to handle increased user requests and demands, once the number of accounts exceeded 500,000 the site added more SQL Server databases; one served as a master database, and the others focused on retrieving data for user’s page requests. After two million accounts were activated, MySpace switched to a vertical partitioning model in which separate databases supported distinct functions of the Web site, such as the log-in screen, user profiles, and blogs. Yet at some point the separated functions will still share data which will create another problem to their list! After three million accounts were reached, rather than investing in more sophisticated types of servers that could eventually solve their problems, the site scaled out by adding many cheaper servers to share the database workload which became just another shortcut option and not a long term solution for the company. 2) How did they solve their data problems? The Company eventually switched to a virtualized storage architecture in which databases write data into any available disk, therefore eliminating he possibility of an application’s dedicated disk becoming overloaded. MySpace later installed a layer of servers between the database servers and the Web servers to store and serve copies of frequently accessed data objects so that the site’s Web servers wouldn’t have to query the database servers with lookups as frequently. Unfortunately, MySpace still overloads more frequently than other major Web sites. With a log-in error rate of (20 to 40%) on some days, the site is not effectively organizing or storing data at all, reason for which the site may have been losing subscribers. After the review of this case study, we can see the Importance of Database Technology and the Impact Data Quality provides to Websites and Social network sites and it can be determined that their existence depend on it.. (Information based on, MySpace Case study and www. forbes. com) 3) What management, organization, and technology issues had to be addressed? Some of the problems MySpace has encountered are the inadequate storage space on their database servers, slow access or no access through its log-in application, and the users’ inabilities to access data when requested. Over the years, MySpace has attempted to fix these problems by adding more Web/Database servers. Yet the main problem seems to be, adding the servers without restructuring the entire system in order to use their hardware and software more effectively. Another major problem â€Å"The MySpace Organization† has faced it’s been their management and personnel, It’s well known that they’ve had too many changes in personnel they were constantly hiring NET developers and losing them just as fast, which can create a definite unbalance for the company. In Jan, 2011 they announced a staff reduction by 47%. On the other hand they have dealt with numerous changes in management as well; many of the important people who helped create â€Å"The MySpace empire† are now gone. Few to mention are, former President â€Å"Tom Anderson who stepped down† while CEO â€Å"Chris DeWolfe was replaced† by former Facebook COO â€Å"Owen Van Natta†. The company’s most recent plan is to reinvigorate itself in the (social networking space) by going back to what made them popular in the first place â€Å"entertainment†. ith hopes that a new focus on the entertainment media including television, movies, & music will help in making the social networking site reclaim its place on the web. Despite efforts of redesigning the site their users have decreased, as well as their popularity. In November 2010, the company fully integrated with Facebook Connect calling it â€Å"Mash Up with Facebook† in an announcement widely seen, which in reality I believe is just the way of acknowledging Facebook is their # 1 competitor and is currently dominating the social networking industry. In my Opinion their main weakness was with strategy implementation, they concentrated in what came up day to day, like the additions of servers to support their users demand but they never really focused on priorities such as a solution to their Technical problems and the whole structural change it required. As time progresses business competitors will copy your product or service and a lot of times they won’t just copy, they’ll Innovate and overpass the quality of what’s already available therefore taking the place of # 1 and not a competitor.

A Woman Under The Influence - 1348 Words

A Woman Under the Influence is an American dramatic film that was written in an entangled way to illustrate a story. The auteur John Cassavetes wrote and directed this film that was released in November of 1974. Cassavetes spent most of his career creating films that were more ‘off the grid’; A Woman Under the Influence is a prime example considering there was no other American film quite comparable to it. This was a rare film because the internal fluctuations effectively allowed formulating of the primary configurations. â€Å"John Cassavetes rejected the elements and techniques of the American movie and created his own method† (LoBrutto). Cassavetes is known to be the pioneer of American independent film. Independent filmmaking is difficult to establish an exact definition mostly because it does not follow a set of specific guidelines. Conversely independent films are commonly designated to be character driven, and these were the films that frequently had an e xtremely low budget. A Woman Under the Influence and some of Cassavetes other films demonstrate in a similar form of bstylistic characterizations of post World War II European film. Independent filmmakers typically viewed their films as a film as an art form or as a business film. Nonetheless Cassavetes undoubtedly viewed his films as a form of art. The film opens with typical events any average family would endure. Gena Rowland starring as, Mabel Longhetti is introduced to the audience as a typical housewife. It isShow MoreRelatedFilm Analysis and Different Viewpoints on A Woman Under the Influence, and Wanda2555 Words   |  11 Pagesdevices and thematic motifs may differ from director to director, [but] the overall functions of style and theme remain remarkably constant in the art cinema as a whole.† (Bordwell â€Å"The Art Cinema as a Mode of Film Practice†) For example, A Woman Under the Influence (1974) and Wanda (1970) are formally very different but both develop portraits of irresponsible mothers within the socio-historic context of the decline of the Baby Boomers and the trauma of the Vietnam War. Bordwell’s assertion is a simpleRead MoreThe Media Presents Negative Role Models Essay867 Words   |  4 PagesThe media has a strong influence on society, both negatively and positively. So when children as young as 6 are being influenced by celebrities such as Paris Hilton, Lindsay Lohan, and Britney Spears; we as a society have lost site in what it is to be a positive influence. Kathleen Deveny and Raina Kelly raised awareness in their article â€Å"Girls Gone Bad?† which depicts the bad behavior and influences set by celebrities such as Hilton, Lohan, and Spears have any long term affects on young women. AreRead MoreGreek Women And Roman Women1102 Words   |  5 PagesClassical Antiquity† by Sarah B. Pomeroy The title of this book, â€Å"Goddesses, Whores, Wives, and Slaves† is written in order of the ranking of women. In classical antiquity, in some aspects, a whore had more freedom and rights than a married upper-class woman. This alone is evidence of the degree that women in classical antiquity were oppressed. 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Film Review Shrek - 1061 Words

Shrek, a Movie for both Kids and Adults Cartoons are generally intended for children. There are adult cartoons but most of the animated movies are directed at kids because they make it easy to produce fantasies and make heroes children can associate themselves with. Latest developments in graphics and cinematic technology, however, can turn cartoons into real-like images. A good example of a film that displays this technology is Disneys Shrek (2001). Shrek is a cartoon but its makers used latest computer-generated graphics technology to almost blur the boundary between a movie and a cartoon. So, Shrek is both a cartoon and a movie. Likewise, the filmmakers also blurred the boundary between Shreks intended audiences. It is neither exclusively for kids nor exclusively for adults. Shrek is produced for both children and adults. In making Shrek, the filmmakers clearly had children in mind. It retains all the characteristics of Disney animated movies. Character-wise, we see the Three Litt le Pigs, Three Bears, and the Three Blind Mice, not to mention the Big Bad Wolf, Pinocchio, and Pete Pen. And when Lord Farquaad wants to find a bride, the Magic Mirror offers him three choices: Cinderella, Snow White, and Princess Fiona. Princess Fiona is the only new character out of the three. All other characters appear in the film so that its viewers, i.e. children, can associate them with their favorite cartoon characters. The story itself also reminds some of the older DisneyShow MoreRelatedEssay on Film Review of Shrek740 Words   |  3 PagesFilm Review of Shrek This film was based on William Steigs book about a giant green ogre. This cheeky computer animated fairy tale is aimed at children as much as their parents. From the start it shows that it is a sort of fairytale with a lot of twists and it is mocking the fairytale genre continuously. 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T he purpose is to convey the progress and growth that the industry is making. Additionally I aim to focus on the film industry as it is such massive part of the creative industries and is currently verge of huge change and technological advancements. What are creative industries? The creative

The World Reacted Towards The Act Of Genocide Essay

Through history, the acts of hate, anger, and violence has been the root of all evil against a variety groups of people, led by a certain ‘dictator’ or organization. Merriam-Webster dictionary defines genocide as â€Å"the deliberate and systematic destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group† . Killing groups of people based on their religious preference, sexual orientation, and even just for punishment. You might be thinking, what actually causes a person (or leader) to commit genocide? How has the world reacted towards the act of genocide? Finally, what groups have been affected by genocide? Many reasons as to why genocide occurs, it is because a leader or group, wants to organize an ‘ethnic cleanse’ or prejudice against other cultures or races different from their own. Also because of hatred and blame for social change. Take Adolph Hitler for example. Adolph Hitler blamed the Jews for the loss of World War One and also the cause of the g reat depression. Hitler believed in a ‘master race’ and had to cleanse or get rid of the toxic race within Germany (the Jews). His thinking was that being white was the pure race and wanted to take out anyone who wasn’t. About 11 million people died during the Holocaust. This number includes, Jews, Homosexuals, Gypsies, African Americans, mentally handicapped, other religious groups, and people who did not conform to the Nazi party. The Holocaust occurred from January 30, 1933 to May 8, 1945. According to the HolocaustShow MoreRelatedGenocide from the Jews in the Holocaust to the Mayans in Guatemala848 Words   |  4 Pages Throughout world history, many manifestations occurred which led to horrific demeanors. In 1981, Todd Strasser wrote a fictionalized novel known as The Wave, based on a real life event about an experiment. This experiment, conducted in 1969 by Ron Jones in Palo Alto, California, proves how effortlessly fascism can corrupt people. 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At the time the majority of the world was either democratic or independent while only a handful of countries were communist; however allRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychology And Psychology Essay971 Words   |  4 Pagesauthority figure, which influence persons to carry out conflicting act that doesn’t correspond with their personal conscious. The experiment was base on Dr. Milgram own personal believes has a Jew, Dr. Milgram was not content, he wanted to examine the justification for genocide acts, predominantly the abuse carried out by Nazi, and Nazi Doctors during World War11. Stanley Milgram experiment demonstrated how people react ed towards an authority figure while giving apparent electrical shock. In theRead MoreThe Rescuers And Aid For Jews During The Holocaust2236 Words   |  9 PagesJews of the Holocaust. Nechama Tec and later Perry Lendon found this to be true, showing that in these people was an instinct to help, regardless of their feelings towards Jews. 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Simultaneously, the airfields and aircraft on them were assaulted, giving the Japanese near-complete air superiority. By the time the crews had reacted, most gun emplacements useful as anti-aircraft guns were destroyed. Pearl Harbor was defenseless, and the Japanese took full advantage of this. Soon after the first wave had ended, the low roar of a planes engines was heard again over Oahu. ThisRead MoreThe And The Holocaust : A Breach Of Faith2649 Words   |  11 Pages Meanwhile, Roosevelt planned to kill off Hitler and stop unarmed Jews from being punished with the help of Treasury Secretary of State, Henry Morgenthau Jr. He then obstructed rescue efforts in the process of saving Jews. If only Roosevelt had reacted earlier about Hitler’s â€Å"Final Solution,† he could of saved more (FDR and the Holocaust, FDR Presidential Library and Museum). Knowing about what happened during the Holocaust is very difficult and depressing. Why and how can educators teach about

Mattel Inc. Stock Essay Example For Students

Mattel Inc. Stock Essay Mattel Inc. (MAT)The Mattel Company, best known for its Barbie dolls, is the worlds largest toy maker. In March 1997, it acquired Tyco toys the third largest U.S.-based toy maker. Its product lines include Fisher-Price and Sesame Street preschool items, Disney-related products and Hot Wheel miniature vehicles. They type of industry Mattel is located under, is dolls and stuffed toys, although they have other types of products such as Hot Wheels. This company is under monopolistic competition. They sell their products in many stores, such as Toys R Us, KB Toys, K-Mart, Walmart, and others. Some of Mattels competitors include Marvel Enterprises Inc. and Hasbro Inc. Marvel Enterprises (formerly Toy Biz) publishes comics based on more than 3,500 characters including Spider-Man, The Incredible Hulk, and the X-Men. The company, North Americas top comic publisher through its Marvel Entertainment subsidiary, also makes action figures, games, and puzzles based primarily on its Marvel characters. Hasbro is a worldwide leader in the design, manufacture and marketing of toys, games, interactive software, puzzles and infant products. Included in its offerings are games, traditional board and card, hand-held electronic and interactive CD-ROM, and puzzles, preschool, boys action and girls toys, dolls, plush products and infant products. The companys business activities include many things. The standards address a wide spectrum of issues, ranging from on-the-job concerns, such as factory lighting, air quality and health care facilities, to acceptable parameters for dormitories and recommendations for recreational programs. They serve as the principles by which Mattels internal and independent monitoring programs are measured around the world. While the development of a code of conduct/manufacturing principles is essential to success, enforcement of the code is equally as important. Mattel has initiated an extensive three-stage auditing process, which is overseen by an independent m onitoring council, to thoroughly inspect both the companys owned-and-operated facilities around the world, as well as those of all core contractors. If a contractor facility is either unable or unwilling to work with Mattel in order to meet and maintain its standards, however, Mattel will discontinue the working relationship. I think that the stock price rose due to the company flourishing. Mattel has many extraordinary products that have been around for years, and many more to come. This company seems very stable. They keep their customers happy and keep them coming back for more. Now that the holidays are coming near, I predict that the company will do very well and the stock will go up once again. The article Mattel Appoints Two New Members of Senior Management Team introduces the two new members, Bryan G. Stockton and Thomas A. Debrowski. Stockton has been named executive vice president of business planning and development. Robert A. Eckert, chairman and chief executive officer of Mattel, Inc. believes that Stockton will, provide Mattel with the clear, strategic thought required as we refocus on generating sustainable, profitable growth for Mattel Bryan Stockton formerly served as president and chief executive officer at Basic vegetable Products. In his new position at Mattel, his primary responsibili ty is to identify and develop synergies throughout all cross-functional departments in order to support Mattel as a whole. More elements of his function are the management of the companys strategic planning, as well as supervising all merger and acquisition activity. Debrowski is appointed to executive vice president of worldwide operations. Eckert believes, Tom will utilize his proficiencies in operations and manufacturing to ensure better management of the all-important supply chain. Debrowski was formerly the vice president and director of grocery operations for Kraft USA. At Mattel, Tom will be responsible for all worldwide manufacturing and distribution activities and eventually, he will be responsible for the entire supply chain. In the article Barbie Magic Genie Adventure for Game Boy Color Flies into Retail Stores Nationwide; Mattel Media Introduces New BARBIE Adventure Game for Girls On-the-Go, Mattel Media announced today, November 1, 2000, that Barbie Magic Genie Adventur e for Game Boy Color was shipped into retail stores nationwide. It is available for a suggested retail price of $29.99. In this game, girls lead BARBIE Genie on an adventure to search for missing genie lamps stolen by Evil Sultan Kardal. Throughout the game, players help BARBIE Genie find the missing lamps to defeat

Tool Of The Trade Essays - Baseball Equipment, Baseball Bat, Batting

Tool of the Trade Tool of the Trade In any game, the equipment players use determines the way the game unfolds. Try to imagine a soccer game played with an American football! Or try playing tennis with the wooden racquets of thirty years ago. Change the equipment, and you discover a very different game. As part of my look at baseball, I decided to examine the tool of the baseball trade: Bats. Perhaps the most crucial and visible tool in baseball is the bat. A bat is the offensive weapon, the tool with which runs are scored. To understand the history and science of bats, I read a magazine published by Louisville Slugger, in Louisville, Kentucky home of the Hillerich Bradsby Company, Inc. (also known as HB), the manufacturers of perhaps America's most famous bat, the Louisville Slugger. Through the reading I learned how the modern bat came to be, and what it might become. In 1884, John Andrew "Bud" Hillerich played hooky from his father's woodworking shop and went to a baseball game. There he watched a star player, Pete "The Old Gladiator" Browning, struggling in a batting slump. After the game, Hillerich invited Browning back to the shop, where they picked out a piece of white ash, and Hillerich began making a bat. They worked late into the night, with Browning giving advice and taking practice swings from time to time. What happened next is legend. The next day, Browning went three-for-three, and soon the new bat was in demand across the league. HB flourished from there. First called the Falls City Slugger, the new bat was called the Louisville Slugger by 1894. Though Hillerich's father thought bats were an insignificant item, and preferred to continue making more dependable items like bedposts and bowling pins, bats became a rapidly growing part of the family business. Just as it was back then, the classic Louisville Slugger bat used by today's professional players is made from white ash. The wood is specially selected from forests in Pennsylvania and New York. The trees they use must be at least fifty years old before they are harvested. After harvest, the wood is dried for six to eight months to a precise moisture level. The best quality wood is selected for pro bats; the other 90 percent is used for consumer market bats. White ash is used for its combination of hardness, strength, weight, "feel," and durability. In past years, HB have made some bats out of hickory. But hickory timber is much heavier than ash, and players today want light bats because they've discovered that they can hit the ball farther by swinging the bat fast. So they can't make the bats out of hickory. Though Babe Ruth, one of the all-time great home-run hitters, used a 42 or a 44 ounce bat, players today use bats that weigh around 32 ounces. Even sluggers like Mark McGwire and Ken Griffey, Jr. only use 33 ounce bats because they want to generate great bat speed. How do you make a wooden bat you ask. Here's how. The wood is milled into round, 37 inch blanks, or billets, which are shipped to the HB factory in Louisville. There they are turned on a tracer lathe, using a metal template that guides the lathe's blades. These templates are set up to the specifications of each pro player. Then the bats are fire-branded with the Louisville Slugger mark. This mark is put on the flat of the wood's grain, where the bat is weakest. Players learn to swing with the label facing either up or down, so that they can strike the ball with the edge grain, where the bat is strongest. Hitting on the flat grain will more often than not result in a broken bat. Finally, the bats are dipped into one of several possible water-based "finishes" or varnishes, which gives bats their final color and protective coat. Each player selects the finish they desire, while a few players, such as former Kansas City Royals star George Brett, chose to leave their bats unfinished. Players today may go through as many as six or seven dozen bats in a season. (In early years, players used only use ten or twelve bats.) In fact, one player, Joe Sewell, used the same bat for fourteen years. Joe attributes the increased breakage of bats to the thin-handled, large-barreled design of modern bats, and to the use of ash instead of hickory. A pitch that jams you inside will almost always saw off a modern bat, while an aluminum or old-fashioned hickory bat might produce a base hit. Though the manufacturing process for